SYLLABUS for JEE (Main)-2024 |
Syllabus for Paper-1 (B.E./B.Tech.) - Chemistry |
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY |
UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY | - Matter and its nature
- Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound
- Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures.
- SI Units, dimensional analysis: Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae: Chemical equations and stoichiometry
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UNIT 2: STATES OF MATTER | - Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.
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Gaseous State: - Measurable properties of gases: Gas laws - Boyle's law, Charle's law.
- Graham's law of diffusion.
- Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation; Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities
- Real gases, deviation from Ideal behavior, compressibility factor and van der Waals equation.
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Liquid State - Properties of liquids - vapor pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only).
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Solid State - Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
- Bragg's Law and its applications: Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, an imperfection in solids
- Electrical and magnetic properties.
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UNIT 3: ATOMIC STRUCTURE | - Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations
- Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect
- Spectrum of the hydrogen atom.
- Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model
- Dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship. Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
- Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features.
- Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions
- Variation of Y and Y2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals
- various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number
- Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle
- Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals
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UNIT 4: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE | - Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.
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Ionic Bonding - Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy
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Covalent Bonding - Concept of electronegativity.
- Fajan's rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
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- Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding
- Valence bond theory - its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals
- Resonance.
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- Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.
- Elementary idea of metallic bonding.
- Hydrogen bonding and its applications
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UNIT 5: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS | - Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes.
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- The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity
- Hess's law of constant heat summation
- Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.
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- The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes; DS of the universe and DG of the system as criteria for spontaneity.
- DG° (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.
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UNIT 6: SOLUTIONS | - Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapor pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapor pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions
- Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapor pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure
- Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties
- Abnormal value of molar mass, van't Hoff factor and its significance.
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UNIT 7: EQUILIBRIUM | - Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
- Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law.
- General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
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- Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance
- the significance of DG and DG° in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst
- Le Chatelier's principle.
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Ionic equilibrium - Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water.
- pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions
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UNIT 8: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY | - Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.
- Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration
- Kohlrausch's law and its applications.
- Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement
- Nernst equation and its applications
- Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change
- Dry cell and lead accumulator
- Fuel cells.
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UNIT 9: CHEMICAL KINETICS | - Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions,
- Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).
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UNIT 10: SURFACE CHEMISTRY | - Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
- Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.
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- Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism.
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- Colloidal state- distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids - lyophilic.
- lyophobic; multimolecular.
- macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect.
- Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation
- Emulsions and their characteristics.
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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY |
UNIT 11: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES | - Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii
- ionization enthalpy
- electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity
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UNIT 12: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF METALS | - Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores
- Steps involved in the extraction of metals - concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe
- Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.
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UNIT 13: HYDROGEN | - Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen
- Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide
- Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial
- Hydrogen as a fuel.
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UNIT 14: S -BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS) | - Group -1 and 2 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships.
- Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Industrial uses of lime, limestone.
- Plaster of Paris and cement
- Biological significance of Na, K. Mg and Ca.
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UNIT 15: P- BLOCK ELEMENTS | - Group -13 to Group 18 Elements General Introduction
- Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups
- unique behavior of the first element in each group.
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- Groupwise study of the p - block elements Group -13 Preparation, properties and uses of boron and Aluminium
- Structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, Aluminium chloride and alums
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- Group -14 The tendency for catenation; Structure, properties and uses of Allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones
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- Group -15 Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus
- Allotropic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3. PCl5)
- Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus.
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- Group -16 Preparation, properties, structures and uses of ozone: Allotropic forms of Sulphur
- Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation)
- Structures of oxoacids of Sulphur.
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- Group-17 Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid
- Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides
- Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.
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- Group-18 Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.
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UNIT 16: d - and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS | - Transition Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements
- physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, color, catalytic behavior, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
- Preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7, and KMnO4.
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- Inner Transition Elements Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration
- oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction.
- Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
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UNIT 17: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS | - Introduction to co-ordination compounds.
- Werner's theory; ligands, co-ordination number, denticity.
- IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, color and magnetic properties
- Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).
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UNIT 18: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY | - Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil.
- Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and Stratospheric Tropospheric pollutants - Gaseous pollutants
- Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and Sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention
- Greenhouse effect and Global warming: Acid rain
- Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention
- Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of the ozone layer - its mechanism and effects.
- Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as. pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.
- Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as; Pesticides (insecticides. herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention. Strategies to control environmental pollution.
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY |
UNIT 19: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS | - Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography - principles and their applications
- Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, Sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
- Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, Sulphur, phosphorus.
- Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae
- Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis,
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UNIT 20: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY | - Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p)
- Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur
- Homologous series
- Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
- Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions
- stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles
- Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.
- Common types of organic reactions
- Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.
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UNITS 21: HYDROCARBONS | - Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.
- Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane)
- Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
- Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism
- Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect)
- Ozonolysis and polymerization
- Alkynes - Acidic character
- Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides
- Polymerization
- Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity
- Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration. Friedel - Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-substituted benzene.
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UNIT 22: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS | - General methods of preparation, properties and reactions
- Nature of C-X bond
- Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
- Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons and DDT.
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UNIT 23: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN | - General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
- ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
- mechanism of dehydration
- Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation.
- Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
- Ethers: Structure
- Aldehyde and Ketones
- Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones
- Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NH3, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen)
- the acidity of a-hydrogen. aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction.
- Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
- Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it
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UNIT 24: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN | - General methods of preparation.
- Properties, reactions and uses.
- Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.
- Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
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UNIT 25: POLYMERS | - General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization, - Addition and condensation, copolymerization.
- Natural and synthetic, rubber and vulcanization, some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses – polythene, nylon, polyester and Bakelite
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UNIT 26: BIOMOLECULES | - General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
- CARBOHYDRATES - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).
- PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides.
- Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
- VITAMINS – Classification and functions.
- NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.
- Biological functions of nucleic acids.
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UNIT 27: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE | - Chemicals in Medicines - Analgesics, tranquillizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, anti-fertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids.
- Antihistamines - their meaning and common examples.
- Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents - common examples.
- Cleansing Agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action
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UNIT 28: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY | - Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds
- Detection of the following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.
- The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds; Mohr's salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
- The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr's salt vs KMnO4
- Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysts: Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+ , Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+ , NH4 + Anions- CO3 2−, S 2- ,SO4 2−, NO3- , NO2- , Cl- , Br- , I- ( Insoluble salts excluded).
- Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
- 1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
- 2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
- 3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
- 4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.
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